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Introduction Essays (5809 words) - Philosophy, Ethics, Justice

Introduction Essays (5809 words) - Philosophy, Ethics, Justice Introduction Justice is a concept of moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law, religion, equity and fairness, as well as the administration of the law, taking into account the inalienable and inborn rights of all human beings and citizens, the right of all people and individuals to equal protection before the law of their civil rights, without discrimination on the basis of race, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, color, ethnicity, religion, disability, age, or other characteristics, and is further regarded as being inclusive of social justice. Justice is not merely right determination and adjudication of disputes and enforcement of Law, but is so comprehensive in its meaning and import that it takes within its ambit the whole of political, social, juristic and moral idealism. It is so, because Justice has reference to the whole of human existence which we want to realize by our thought, will and action. The mystery of Justice cannot be unraveled by human reason, logic or language completely. It has greater appeal to human soul. Justice as reality is only fully reflected in our conscience and felt through our intuition. Jurists and philosophers have seen in the concept of justice their own ideal. To Plato Justice is realization of Good' which can be achieved in society by doing one's own duty according to one's station in life otherwise, Justice achieves Good' by retribution; .To Aristotle Justice in its general meaning is righteousness'. In its particular meaning it means proper or equitable distribution of the goods of existence, correction of wrongs and exchange of goods. The quality of being just' or right' or reasonable' may be generally termed as justice. Justice is primarily a concept of morality. It is a an ethical concept. Justice embodies an ideal and it symbolizes perfectness. Although, it is reflected in absolute truth', yet it is a dynamic idea and the realization of the ideal of justice is a continuous process. The concept of justice and it changes from time to time according to changes in people's concepts and their consciousness. In the ancient and medieval Europe, slavery and serfdom were widely justified and untouchability was also justified in India. The status of inferiority of women was justified in several societies including that in India. But today the position has drastically changed. These are at present considered as unjust. The changing outlook about social problems and the concept of human liberty and equality considerably influence the change in the concept of justice and thus, it is an evidence of the dynamic character of the idea of justice. The concept of justice is highly essential for the social existence of man. Etymology of Justice The word justice comes from its Latin root Jus' meaning right'. It has its literal meaning as binding' or fitting or tying together of things and qualities harmoniously in human life. Thus Justice becomes a means of adjustment and a measurement. The idol of Justice blindfolded with balance in hand gives the expression of balancing, weighing and impartial judging which applies to disputes and conflicts. For this purpose justice becomes the referee to give decision of victory or defeat to parties. It seems that Justice has more utility for a conflict situation. It balances principles like liberty, equality etc also. Speculation about justice grew early in western materialistic society which from the very beginning had political orientation of western society in Greece which had to deal with conflicts. In contrast to this in Indian culture there had been no loss of faith between religious authority and political authority. Indian cultural drive from the very beginning is more towards in tegration and less towards deciding the conflicts between individual, state and society interse. Law as dharma was both a verdict and a faith, political trust, the commandment of Law as well as justice. The Functional Role of Justice Though it is difficult to know the nature and content of justice yet the idea of justice has been effective in the course of centuries in performing the function of excluding arbitrariness, in providing rational method of settling disputes and in restraining the coercive powers of Law. Justice as impartiality has been recognized from the very beginning of the civilization in ancient Egypt

Savage Inequalities in American Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Savage Inequalities in American Schools - Essay Example The huge amounts of garbage are burnt due to insufficient funds available for vacuuming out the garbage and inadequate manpower. Kozol also discovers that schooling has taken a backseat in the city with children simply not aware of their grades and their school timings. A group of children whom the author caught up narrate, in their innocent ways, incidences of violence and hate that is brewing across the city. East St.Louis also has a distinction of a highest number of fetal deaths in the whole of Illinois due to insufficient maternity care. In addition there is also the widely increasing number of children with dental problems, malnutrition and underimunized children. The city also witnesses constant closure of schools due to sewage overflow and has lain off several teachers which has had a devastating effect on the students. While the governor maintains that there is money flow within the community and it is not spent wisely, other government officials have said that it is quite i mpossible for the city to come out of the present circumstances on its own. The educational system has taken a beating with a large number of teachers being sent home with only sports and other vocational activities left for the children to take up. Even these facilities have been affected owing to insufficient funds and highly unsuitable working areas. The school labs do not have basic water facilities and teachers who are coping with what is available, mainly due to their interest to serve, have voiced that they feel truly deprived of the amenities that exists in modern schools. The facilities in a school regarded as a top school is no better either and one of the student even talks about the irony associated with a school named after Martin Luther King but which has only black children. Kozol draws a striking contrast between these schools and another school in New York where students have a comfortable space and good amenities and the teachers